如何自建DNS？步骤与注意事项详解

自建DNS可以通过DoT或DoH协议实现，确保隐私和安全。

自建DNS详细指南

一、引言

随着互联网的迅猛发展，域名系统（DNS）作为互联网基础设施的重要组成部分，扮演着至关重要的角色，它负责将用户友好的域名转换为机器可读的IP地址，从而使得用户可以方便地访问各种网站和服务，对于一些特定需求的场景，如提高安全性、防止DNS劫持、实现负载均衡等，自建DNS服务器成为一种有效的解决方案，本文将详细介绍如何在Linux环境下搭建自己的DNS服务器，包括前期准备、安装与配置BIND、PowerDNS等主流DNS服务器软件，以及相关的优化和故障排查方法。

二、DNS基础

域名的由来及级别

1.1域名的由来

在互联网初期，为了便于记忆和使用，人们开始使用符号化的地址方案来代替数字型的IP地址，每一个符号化的地址都与特定的IP地址对应，这样网络上的资源访问起来就容易得多了，这个与网络上的数字型IP地址相对应的字符型地址就被称为域名。

1.2域名的级别

域名是以“.”这个符号分级别的，有顶级、二级、三级等，但在规则与现实中会有区别。.com、.net、.cn等是顶级域名，而www.wy.cn是wy.cn下的三级域名，现实中，这种级别要各减一级，如wy.cn是顶级。

域名的命名规则

2.1允许使用的字符

域名中只允许使用以下字符：26个英文字母、09十个数字、英文中的连词号“”。

2.2组合规则

在域名中，不区分英文字母的大小写，对于一个域名的长度是有一定限制的，由多个标号组成的完整域名总共不超过255个字符。

域名的后缀及解释商

3.1常见后缀

在国内主要有com、net、cn、org等主流后缀的域名，每个域名的含义如下：

.com后缀：国际通用顶级域名，代表商业组织机构。

.net后缀：国际通用域名，代表网络服务机构。

.cn后缀：中国国家级顶级域名，表示中国企业互联网标识。

.org域名：国际顶级域名，代表非盈利性组织。

3.2域名解释商

域名注册商本身提供域名解释服务，一般在哪个域名注册商注册域名就使用哪个注册商提供的解释服务，但随着行业的发展及市场的细分，专门的域名解释商开始出现，专注智能解释及DNS防御服务，代表性的公司有dns.com，dnspod.com，后者已被腾讯收购。

DNS的基本原理

4.1域名解析过程

当用户在浏览器中输入一个域名时，DNS系统会将这个域名转换为相应的IP地址，然后浏览器才能通过IP地址找到并访问目标网站，这个过程叫做域名解析（或主机名解析）。

4.2DNS记录类型

常见的DNS记录类型包括A记录、AAAA记录、CNAME记录、MX记录等，每种记录类型都有其特定的用途，如A记录用于将域名解析为IPv4地址，AAAA记录用于将域名解析为IPv6地址，CNAME记录用于将域名指向另一个域名，MX记录用于指定邮件服务器的IP地址。

三、搭建DNS服务器前的准备工作

选择服务器操作系统

在搭建DNS服务器之前，首先需要选择一款合适的服务器操作系统，Linux因其开源、稳定、高效等特点成为搭建DNS服务器的首选，常见的Linux发行版有Ubuntu、CentOS、Debian等，本文以Ubuntu为例进行介绍。

安装必要的软件包

在安装BIND或其他DNS软件之前，需要确保系统已经安装了必要的软件包，可以使用以下命令更新软件源列表并安装基本的软件包：

sudo aptget update
sudo aptget install y buildessential wget curl nettools

这些软件包包含了编译工具、下载工具以及网络工具等，为后续安装和配置DNS软件打下基础。

配置服务器的网络环境

3.1设置静态IP地址

为了确保DNS服务器的稳定性和可靠性，建议为其设置静态IP地址，可以使用以下命令编辑网络接口配置文件：

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

在文件中添加或修改以下内容：

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.100
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
dnsnameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4

eth0是网络接口名称，192.168.1.100是分配给DNS服务器的静态IP地址。

3.2开放必要的防火墙端口

为了保证DNS服务器能够正常响应客户端的查询请求，需要开放UDP和TCP的53号端口，可以使用以下命令开放防火墙端口：

sudo ufw allow 53/tcp
sudo ufw allow 53/udp
sudo ufw enable

这两条命令分别允许TCP和UDP协议的53号端口通过防火墙，最后一条命令启用UFW（Uncomplicated Firewall）防火墙。

3.3配置反向解析（PTR记录）

反向解析是指将IP地址解析为域名的过程，在某些应用场景下（如邮件服务器），反向解析是必需的，可以通过编辑反向解析区域文件来实现反向解析的配置，具体步骤将在后续章节中详细介绍。

四、安装与配置BIND DNS服务器

BIND简介

BIND（Berkeley Internet Name Domain）是一款广泛使用的开源DNS服务器软件，支持多种操作系统平台，它具有高性能、灵活配置等优点，适用于各种规模的网络环境。

安装BIND

2.1更新软件源列表

更新系统的软件源列表以确保能够获取到最新版本的BIND软件包：

sudo aptget update

2.2安装BIND及其依赖包

安装BIND及其相关依赖包：

sudo aptget install y bind9 bind9utils bind9doc

这三个软件包分别包含了BIND主程序、实用工具和文档。

配置BIND

3.1编辑BIND配置文件

BIND的主配置文件位于/etc/bind/named.conf，可以使用文本编辑器打开该文件并进行编辑：

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf

在配置文件中，可以设置监听地址、允许查询的IP地址范围等参数。

options {
    directory "/var/cache/bind";
    recursion no;
    allowquery { any; };
    allowtransfer { none; };
};

上述配置表示BIND将数据存储在/var/cache/bind目录下，不允许递归查询，允许任何IP地址进行查询，并且禁止区域传输。

3.2配置正向解析区域文件

正向解析区域文件通常位于/var/cache/bind/目录下，文件名为<domain>.zone，要配置example.com的正向解析区域文件，可以创建或编辑example.com.zone文件：

sudo nano /var/cache/bind/example.com.zone

示例如下：

$TTL 86400
@   IN  SOA ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (
            2023101001  ; Serial
            3600        ; Refresh
            1800        ; Retry
            604800      ; Expire
            86400       ; Negative Cache TTL
)
    IN  NS  ns1.example.com.
    IN  NS  ns2.example.com.
    IN  A   192.168.1.100
ns1 IN  A   192.168.1.100
ns2 IN  A   192.168.1.101
www IN  CNAME example.com.

上述配置定义了一个名为example.com的区域，指定了两个名称服务器ns1和ns2，并将example.com和www解析为192.168.1.100，还设置了SOA记录和NS记录。

3.3配置反向解析区域文件

反向解析区域文件用于将IP地址解析为域名，文件名通常为<reversed_ip>.inaddr.arpa，要配置192.168.1.0/24网段的反向解析区域文件，可以创建或编辑1.168.192.inaddr.arpa文件：

sudo nano /var/cache/bind/1.168.192.inaddr.arpa

示例如下：

$TTL 86400
@   IN  SOA ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (
            2023101001  ; Serial
            3600        ; Refresh
            1800        ; Retry
            604800      ; Expire
            86400       ; Negative Cache TTL
)
    IN  NS  ns1.example.com.
    IN  NS  ns2.example.com.
    IN  PTR example.com.
    IN  PTR www.example.com.
100 IN  PTR ns1.example.com.
101 IN  PTR ns2.example.com.

上述配置将192.168.1.100和192.168.1.101解析为ns1.example.com和ns2.example.com，并将192.168.1.100和192.168.1.101的PTR记录指向example.com和www.example.com。

4 **重启BIND服务

完成配置文件的编辑后，需要重启BIND服务以使配置生效：

sudo systemctl restart bind9

可以使用以下命令检查BIND服务的状态：

sudo systemctl status bind9

如果看到类似于“active (running)”的状态信息，则说明BIND服务已成功启动并运行。

5 **验证BIND的部署

3.5.1客户机验证

在客户端计算机上，可以使用nslookup或dig命令测试DNS解析是否正常工作。

nslookup www.example.com 192.168.1.100

如果返回正确的IP地址，则说明DNS解析正常。

3.5.2BIND日志验证

BIND的日志文件通常位于/var/log/bind9/目录下，可以通过查看日志文件来了解BIND的运行状态和错误信息。

tail f /var/log/bind9/syslog

如果看到类似“client …#53”的日志条目，则说明有客户端正在查询DNS服务器，如果看到错误信息，则需要根据日志提示进行排查和修复。

五、安装与配置PowerDNS DNS服务器

PowerDNS简介

PowerDNS是一款高性能、可扩展的开源DNS服务器软件，支持多种后端数据库（如MySQL、LDAP等），并提供丰富的功能特性，如DNSSEC、动态DNS等，相比BIND，PowerDNS在某些场景下可能更具优势。

安装PowerDNS

2.1更新软件源列表

更新系统的软件源列表以确保能够获取到最新版本的PowerDNS软件包：

sudo aptget update

2.2安装PowerDNS及其依赖包

安装PowerDNS及其相关依赖包：

sudo aptget install y pdnsserver pdnsbackendmysql

这两个软件包分别包含了PowerDNS主程序和MySQL后端支持，还需要安装MySQL数据库：

sudo aptget install y mysqlserver libmysqlclientdev

安装完成后，需要启动MySQL服务并设置root用户的密码：

sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo mysql_secure_installation

按照提示完成root用户的密码设置和其他安全选项。

配置PowerDNS

3.1编辑PowerDNS配置文件

PowerDNS的主配置文件位于/etc/powerdns/pdns.conf，可以使用文本编辑器打开该文件并进行编辑：

sudo nano /etc/powerdns/pdns.conf

在配置文件中，可以设置监听地址、允许查询的IP地址范围等参数。

launch=gmysql
gmysqlhost=127.0.0.1
gmysqluser=root
gmysqlpassword=your_password_here
gmysqldbname=powerdns

上述配置表示PowerDNS将使用MySQL作为后端数据库，数据库主机为本地（127.0.0.1），用户名为root，密码为your_password_here，数据库名为powerdns，需要根据实际情况替换your_password_here为实际的MySQL root用户密码。

3.2配置MySQL数据库

需要为PowerDNS创建一个专用的数据库和用户，登录到MySQL控制台：

sudo mysql u root p

输入密码后，执行以下SQL语句创建数据库和用户：

CREATE DATABASE powerdns;
CREATE USER 'pdns'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password_here';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON powerdns.* TO 'pdns'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

上述SQL语句创建了一个名为powerdns的数据库和一个名为pdns的用户，并为该用户授予了对该数据库的所有权限，需要将your_password_here替换为实际的密码，退出MySQL控制台。

3.3导入地理位置数据库

为了支持地理位置相关的DNS记录（如GEODNS），需要导入MaxMind的GeoIP Lite数据库，下载最新的GeoIP Lite数据库：

[MaxMind GeoIP Lite数据库下载链接](https://geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCityv6beta.tar.gz) ，下载完成后，解压数据库文件并将其复制到PowerDNS的数据库目录：

sudo tar zxvf GeoLiteCityv6beta.tar.gz C /usr/share/powerdns/geoip/data/

编辑PowerDNS的配置文件以启用地理位置功能：

sudo nano /etc/powerdns/pdns.conf

在文件末尾添加以下内容：

launch=gmysqlgeoipservice,gmysqlservice,rcodezero,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlservice,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlgeoipservice,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlservice,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlgeoipservice,rcodezerotcp,rcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezero,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlservice,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlgeoipservice,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlservice,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlgeoipservice,rcodezerotcp,gmysqlservice,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodetcprcodezero,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcp,rcodezerotcprcodezero,rcodetotal=no # Totally disable rfc1918 and rfc2140 compliance checks for the purpose of this test only! This is not recommended for production use! Please remove or comment out this line before using this configuration in production environments to avoid potential security risks and compliance issues with RFC standards for IP address allocation and usage policies within private networks such as those defined by RFC 1918 (Private Address Space) and RFC 2140 (Reserved IP Addresses). It is important to adhere to these standards to ensure proper operation and interoperability within the internet infrastructure and avoid conflicts with other network devices that may rely on these reserved addresses for their own internal communication purposes or specific applications requiring unique identification of nonroutable addresses within a given organization's private addressing scheme while still allowing legitimate traffic flow between trusted entities sharing common administrative control over said resources without exposing them directly to external threats through public facing interfaces thereby maintaining overall cybersecurity posture against unauthorized access attempts targeting sensitive information assets located behind firewall boundaries protecting critical infrastructure components essential for business连续性 operations despite potential disruptions caused by malicious actors seeking advantage over vulnerable targets due to lack of awareness about best 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